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The evidence register.

Every published study we know of that used a Stimpod™, from bench accuracy to daily clinical practice. The papers this website cites are marked, and every entry links to its journal.

23
Published studies
2013 to 2026
Years covered
5
Evidence areas

Accuracy and precision

How Stimpod™ readings compare with laboratory reference standards.

2024

Accuracy and Precision of Three Acceleromyographs, Three Electromyographs, and a Mechanomyograph Measuring the Train-of-four Ratio in the Absence of Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs

Wedemeyer Z, Michaelsen KE, Jelacic S, et al. · Anesthesiology 2024;141(2):262-271

In 28 patients given no neuromuscular blocking drugs, 9,498 train-of-four ratios were collected from three acceleromyographs (Stimpod™ among them), three electromyographs (Stimpod™ among them) and a laboratory mechanomyograph. The Stimpod™ acceleromyograph recorded the lowest overshoot, the lowest patient-to-patient variability and the tightest range of the acceleromyographs tested. The three electromyographs, including the Stimpod™ electromyograph, matched mechanomyography closely (estimated means 0.99 to 1.01; gauge SDs 0.01 to 0.02).

Stimpod™ AMG + Stimpod™ EMG · Bench accuracy · Cited on this site

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2023

Comparative performance of Stimpod electromyography with mechanomyography for quantitative neuromuscular blockade monitoring

Wedemeyer Z, Jelacic S, Michaelsen K, et al. · Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2024;38(1):205-212 · published online October 2023

Twenty-three patients gave 1,088 paired measurements against a laboratory mechanomyograph on the same hand. Bland-Altman analysis of 415 train-of-four ratio pairs showed a bias of 0.028 with limits of agreement of -0.18 and 0.24; weighted kappa was 0.44 for 273 train-of-four count pairs, a moderate agreement, and 0.80 for 338 post-tetanic count pairs, a substantial agreement. The authors concluded the Stimpod™ electromyograph produced results comparable to mechanomyography.

Stimpod™ EMG · Comparative accuracy · Cited on this site

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2019

Development and validation of an android-based application for anaesthesia neuromuscular monitoring

Carvalho H, Verdonck M, Berghmans J, et al. · Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2019;33(5):863-870

Twenty-two surgical patients had train-of-four ratios measured in paired fashion by a Stimpod™ accelerometer and a newly developed smartphone application. The mean difference between methods was 0.0004, with concordance and correlation coefficients of 0.98. The Stimpod™ served as the reference standard for validating the new application.

Stimpod™ AMG · Comparative accuracy

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Clinical practice and outcomes

What changed when hospitals and research teams put the Stimpod™ to work.

2022

Quantitative Neuromuscular Monitoring in Clinical Practice: A Professional Practice Change Initiative

Weigel WA, Williams BL, Hanson NA, et al. · Anesthesiology 2022;136(6):901-915

A hospital-wide programme placed quantitative monitors in all 28 anesthetizing locations; the Stimpod™ acceleromyograph occupied 24 of the 28. Documented train-of-four ratios of 0.90 or higher before extubation rose from 1% of cases to 93%. After implementation, inpatients had shorter postanesthesia care unit stays, fewer pulmonary complications (2.3% to 1.3%) and shorter hospital stays (median 3 to 2 days). This was a single-centre before-and-after comparison.

Stimpod™ AMG in 24 of 28 rooms · Clinical outcomes · Cited on this site

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2023

Reversing Neuromuscular Blockade without Nerve Stimulator Guidance in a Postsurgical ICU - An Observational Study

Calef A, Castelgrande R, Crawley K, et al. · Journal of Clinical Medicine 2023;12(9):3253

The Stimpod™ acceleromyograph measured residual neuromuscular blockade in 104 patients arriving in a post-cardiac-surgery ICU. It showed that 11 of 104 patients had not reached a train-of-four count of four before neostigmine was given, and 20 of 94 patients had a train-of-four ratio of 0.90 or less immediately before extubation. The study documents how often residual blockade goes undetected without quantitative monitoring.

Stimpod™ AMG · Clinical outcomes

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2020

Neurophysiological Assessment of Prolonged Recovery From Neuromuscular Blockade in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Soffer OD, Kim A, Underwood E, et al. · Frontiers in Pediatrics 2020;8:580

Nineteen infants in a neonatal ICU were monitored with the Stimpod™ tri-axial accelerometer, with the nerve mapping probe used to locate the ulnar nerve before each study. Recovery took a median of 14 hours after rocuronium boluses and 34 hours after stopping vecuronium infusions, with no safety concerns. The authors cite the three-dimensional accelerometer requiring no calibration, pediatric-size electrodes, nerve mapping and quick set-up as reasons for selecting the device.

Stimpod™ AMG + nerve mapping · Clinical outcomes

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2025

Impact of Sugammadex Versus Neostigmine Reversal on Postoperative Recovery Time in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea Undergoing Bariatric Surgery

Ajetunmobi O, Wong D, Perlas A, et al. · Anesthesia & Analgesia 2025;140(3):568-576

The Stimpod™ acceleromyograph measured train-of-four count and confirmed neuromuscular recovery in a double-blind randomised trial of two reversal drugs in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea undergoing bariatric surgery. The device was the trial's measurement instrument, and no device performance problems were reported.

Stimpod™ AMG · Clinical outcomes

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2024

Magnesium as an Adjuvant to Rocuronium to Improve Intubation Conditions and Shorten the Intubation Time: A Randomized Controlled Study

Roy FJ, Ramani S, Urkavalan K, et al. · Cureus 2024;16(9):e68712

The Stimpod™ monitor provided the train-of-four measurements used to time the onset of neuromuscular block in a 150-patient randomised trial of magnesium pretreatment with rocuronium priming. The device was the measurement instrument for the trial's primary endpoint.

Stimpod™ EMG-capable monitor · Clinical outcomes

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2024

Effect of the Location of Tetanic Stimulation on Autonomic Responses: A Randomized Cross-Over Pilot Study

Talke P, Talke I · Journal of Pain Research 2024;17:209-217

The Stimpod™ delivered a standardised 5-second, 100 Hz tetanic stimulus at three anatomical sites in 12 anaesthetised patients, with all three sites wired to the same device throughout. Photoplethysmography-derived variables changed significantly with each stimulus. The device functioned as the study's calibrated stimulus generator.

Stimpod™ stimulator · Clinical research instrument

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2026

Agreement between analgesia nociception index and surgical pleth index in assessing nociception under varying systemic vascular resistance conditions

Oh EJ, Kim J, Kwon EJ, et al. · BMC Anesthesiology 2026;26(1):288

The Stimpod™ supplied the standardised noxious stimulus used to test two nociception indices in 47 liver transplant patients, generating 1,318 paired data points. The device served as the study's stimulus source.

Stimpod™ stimulator · Clinical research instrument

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Reviews and standards

Where the Stimpod™ appears in the field's review literature.

2025

From revival to routine: electromyography-based neuromuscular monitoring in contemporary anesthesia practice

Koo CH · Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (Seoul) 2025;20(3):222-229

This review of electromyography-based monitoring names both Stimpod™ modalities among the devices compared in the 2024 accuracy study. It also notes that the Stimpod™ electromyograph derives its value from the area under the compound motor action potential curve rather than peak amplitude, and that area-based and amplitude-based methods correlate closely. The current Stimpod™ EMG reads both the height and the area of each response; see how EMG monitoring works.

Stimpod™ AMG + EMG discussed · Review

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2025

Advances in Neuromuscular Monitoring Techniques in Anesthesiology: A 2025 Perspective

Grabarczyk L · Medical Science Monitor 2025;31:e948980

The review lists the Stimpod™ NMS450X among newer-generation monitors for which pre-use calibration can be omitted because they are pre-configured for clinical use and less susceptible to variability. It cites the Stimpod™ electromyography versus mechanomyography comparison in its evidence base.

Stimpod™ EMG-capable monitor · Review

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2024

Methods for Clinical Monitoring of Neuromuscular Transmission in Anesthesiology - A Review

Radkowski P, Baranska A, Mieszkowski M, et al. · International Journal of General Medicine 2024;17:9-20

The review names the Stimpod™ among new-generation monitors that do not require calibration before the first dose of muscle relaxant, unlike older devices.

Stimpod™ named in device panel · Review

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2024

Neuromuscular blockade monitoring in pediatric patients

Ozgen ZSU · Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (Seoul) 2024;19(Suppl 1):S12-S24

This paediatric review lists the Stimpod™ among the three-dimensional acceleromyographs available for quantitative monitoring in children.

Stimpod™ AMG named · Review

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2021

The latest trend in neuromuscular monitoring: return of the electromyography

Lee W · Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (Seoul) 2021;16(2):133-137

The review tabulates studies of recently launched electromyography-based devices, in two of which the Stimpod™ was the acceleromyographic comparator. It identifies Stimpod™ as a trademark of Xavant Technology.

Stimpod™ AMG as comparator · Review

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2018

Advances in anesthesia technology are improving patient care, but many challenges remain

Doyle DJ, Dahaba AA, LeManach Y · BMC Anesthesiology 2018;18(1):39

This technology review describes a new generation of tri-axial acceleromyographs and names the Stimpod™ as one of only three such devices then commercially available.

Stimpod™ AMG named · Review

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Nerve stimulation and regional anesthesia

Studies that used Stimpod™ nerve stimulation to place blocks and measure thresholds.

2013

Reproducibility of current perception threshold with the Neurometer vs the Stimpod NMS450 peripheral nerve stimulator in healthy volunteers

Tsui BC, Shakespeare TJ, Leung DH, et al. · Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2013;60(8):753-760

Ten healthy volunteers had current perception thresholds measured in the median and ulnar sensory distributions of both hands. Intraclass correlation coefficients for the Stimpod™ ranged from 0.425 to 0.79, all at or above the pre-set acceptable level, whereas the dedicated threshold device fell below that level at one frequency. The authors concluded the Stimpod™ showed good to excellent reproducibility.

Stimpod™ nerve stimulation · Nerve stimulation

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2017

Evaluation of analgesic regimens in total knee arthroplasty, retrospective study

Tulgar S, Selvi O, Senturk O, et al. · Northern Clinics of Istanbul 2017;4(2):124-130

All femoral nerve blocks in this 63-patient review of knee arthroplasty analgesia were placed using the Stimpod™ nerve stimulator with an insulated block needle. The stimulator was the block placement tool throughout.

Stimpod™ nerve location · Nerve location

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2015

Comparative evaluation of adding different opiates to lidocaine in duration and quality of axillary brachial plexus block

Saryazdi H, Yazdani A, Sajedi P, et al. · Advanced Biomedical Research 2015;4:232

Axillary brachial plexus blocks in all four study groups were located with ultrasound combined with a Xavant nerve stimulator. The stimulator was the localisation tool for every block in the trial.

Xavant nerve stimulator · Nerve location

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2014

Effect of ketamine as an adjuvant in ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block

Lashgarinia M, Naghibi K, Honarmand A, et al. · Advanced Biomedical Research 2014;3:232

All supraclavicular brachial plexus blocks in this double-blind randomised trial were performed with ultrasound guidance and an insulated needle attached to a Xavant nerve stimulator.

Xavant nerve stimulator · Nerve location

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Veterinary

Quantitative monitoring beyond human theatres.

2022

Comparison of the neuromuscular effects of two infusion rates of rocuronium in anesthetized pigs

Pedersen K, Kruhoffer LL, Lykkesfeldt J, et al. · Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 2022;64(1):38

Fourteen pigs receiving two rocuronium infusion rates were monitored with the Stimpod™, its nerve mapping pen locating the ulnar nerve and the manufacturer's software logging train-of-four ratios. The authors followed international pharmacodynamic guidelines except twitch-height calibration, which they state is not necessary with this device, and obtained a stable baseline.

Stimpod™ AMG + nerve mapping · Veterinary

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2024

Sugammadex for reversal of moderate-to-deep rocuronium block in a clinical setting: A retrospective report of 10 dogs

Martin-Flores M · Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 2024;51(1):60-63

Train-of-four counts and ratios recorded with the Stimpod™ acceleromyograph provided the outcome measure in this clinical report of 10 dogs. Recovery to a train-of-four ratio above 90% took a median of 1 minute after sugammadex versus 20 minutes with spontaneous recovery.

Stimpod™ AMG · Veterinary

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2025

Sugammadex and Acceleromyography Used During a Lensectomy in a Sea Lion

Nowak M, Johnson S, Simeone C, et al. · Animals (Basel) 2025;15(19):2831

The first published report of acceleromyographic neuromuscular monitoring in a pinniped. The nerve mapping probe located the optimal stimulation site on the fore flipper, the acceleromyograph tracked the block through surgery, and full recovery was detected within 90 seconds of sugammadex.

Stimpod™ AMG + nerve mapping · Veterinary

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How to read this page.

The summaries are ours; the papers are the authority. Studies are listed whether the Stimpod™ was the subject of the research or the instrument behind it. If we have missed a published study, tell us.

Tell us about a study → Register updated August 2026.